Potential Disentegration of ECOWAS: Analyzing the Impact of the Breakaway Union of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger

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CDS Africa

Administrator . Updated August 27, 2024

The establishment of the Alliance of Sahel States by Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger marks a significant development within the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas). This new confederation, announced by the military leaders of these nations, presents a major challenge to Ecowas, which has been in existence for half a century. It raises concerns about the stability and security of the region.

The current issue stems from a series of military coups in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger between 2020 and 2023. In response, Ecowas imposed sanctions and urged a swift return to civilian rule. While some sanctions have been relaxed, Ecowas' attempts to restore democracy have seen minimal progress. The recent decision by the military juntas to formally withdraw from Ecowas and establish their own confederation underscores a growing division in the region.

The split poses significant challenges to Ecowas, undermining its core values of regional unity and cooperation. Ecowas President Omar Alieu Touray warns of potential fragmentation, jeopardizing the bloc's goal of free movement and trade among member states.

The separation may lead to profound social and economic impacts; the ability of people from Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger to live and work freely in other Ecowas countries could be jeopardized if these nations fully withdraw. This could disrupt livelihoods and undermine decades of efforts towards economic integration.

On the other hand, security concerns in the region have also escalated in recent times as Islamist insurgencies persist in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. Military leaders cite the need for enhanced security as justification for their actions, including seeking Russian military support and expelling French troops. This shift complicates regional stability, potentially enabling jihadists to exploit the political instability situation to cross borders, posing a serious threat to neighboring nations' security.

In response to the crisis, Ecowas has appointed Senegalese President Bassirou Diomaye Faye as mediator. Faye, belonging to the same generation as the military leaders, shares their skepticism towards Western influence, particularly France. This shared perspective could potentially facilitate dialogue and negotiation.

Critics of Ecowas, such as former director of communications Adama Gaye, believe that the bloc's emphasis on democratic elections is hypocritical. They argue that several Ecowas member states are not actual democracies, undermining the bloc's credibility and consistency. This criticism brings to light a basic dilemma facing Ecowas: how to maintain democratic values while negotiating the intricate political landscape of the area.

Background of the Coups & Encouraging the Return to ECOWAS and the Path to Democracy

From 2020 to 2023, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger witnessed a series of military coups due to political instability, governance failures, and escalating security threats. Civilian governments were criticized for corruption, inefficiency, and inability to address poverty and insecurity exacerbated by Islamist insurgencies. Military actions aimed at restoring order often masked underlying power struggles and governance dissatisfaction.

The recent developments in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger are watershed moments for the future of these countries and the wider West African area. As these countries begin on a new chapter with the formation of the Alliance of Sahel States, it is critical that they consider the benefits of regional unity as well as democratic values. Returning to Ecowas and committing to a democratic path are critical steps in guaranteeing long-term stability, prosperity, and security for their citizens.

Rejoining Ecowas would not only reaffirm a shared commitment to regional cooperation, but it would also restore the associated economic and social benefits. Ecowas has helped to facilitate the free movement of people and products, encourage trade, and promote collective security measures. By returning to the bloc, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger may continue to profit from these advantages, boosting their economic resilience and improving their inhabitants' livelihoods.

Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger face a critical juncture where embracing democracy offers a pathway to addressing root causes of instability and violence. Democratic governance ensures accountability, transparency, and the rule of law, providing a framework for resolving citizens' grievances and fostering equitable growth. Experience from other Ecowas nations underscores that strong democratic institutions effectively meet people's needs, promoting a just and equitable society.

Despite challenges, the international community, including Ecowas, stands ready to support their transition with free elections, human rights protection, and inclusive dialogue. Reaffirming their commitment to Ecowas and democratic principles can pave the way for a stable, prosperous future for all citizens.

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CDS Africa

We lead research, advocacy and initiatives to advance democracy and policies to bring about socio-economic development.

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